Cultural learning is not something that is genetically inherited is hereditary, but is produced through a process of learning by individuals social groups in its’ environment. Learning culture is a product of human creations that are formed through a unique cultural environment.
The decisive factor in studying the culture of learning is through communication with the symbols of language. Anyhow the simple of the community of a culture, individual or social group of his supporters were still able to communicate with the language of creation. The more developed a learning culture, the language of communication structure showing complexity. In a learning culture, the role of a tool of language whose presence is needed in culture event.
Sunday, September 6, 2009
Wednesday, September 2, 2009
Meet Bank Credit
Some of you may have read Donald Duck Comics very famous. Narrated Donald Duck has a very rich uncle named Uncle Scrooge. Uncle Scrooge is a wonderful duck wealthy that he could build a very large warehouse which can be used to store all the piles of money, both paper money and coins.
So much money he has, piles of money often seems piled so Uncle Scrooge is portrayed as a greedy person - often soaking in a pile of money.
Writing this course will not discuss about Uncle Scrooge and his money pile. But when we talk about the bank, can be said that much money may also be owned by the bank where you save money. Even so you do not have to worry about all the money in the bank piled in a warehouse like Uncle Scrooge's.
Most of the money in the bank is the customer money. If the bank keeps all the money that customers in one place, meaning the money is not productive. In fact, banks should also look for revenue in order to pay interest on savings and deposit that you saved them, right? That is why, the bank then "threw" the majority of the money back to the community in the form of loans (credit).
For example, if you save money USD 10 million in deposits, the bank promised to provide an interest rate of, for example, 13 percent per year. By banks, in fact the money USD 10 million will be "thrown" back into society by way of loan it to those in need (like people who want to start a business or want to purchase any item by credit). Borrowing requirement of return is accompanied by a greater rate than 13%, say 18 percent.
So roughly - the bank will earn Rp 1.8 million (18 per cent rate of USD 10 million), and of that number, amounting to Rp 1.3 million would be used to pay interest on your deposit, the amount of 13 percent. The difference of USD 500 thousand will be the bank profits. Of course, that advantage was to be reduced again with the operational costs of banks such as employee salaries and so forth.
Can you imagine how much money could be lent by the bank when there are thousands of people who save money in the bank? In fact, the bank certainly does not throw 100 percent of the money to its customers in the form of credit. This for every day another community member who took the money in bank deposits. Well, if 100 percent of the customer's money thrown in the form of credit, so if there are customers who want to withdraw money going difficulties. That is why, the bank must have a supply of cash to be always available money for customers who want to attract deposits money in the bank.
Inventories of cash by banks that will spread to all branches and also into ATM machines. Of course numbers are limited. That's why the money at an ATM withdrawals are often limited in number. There is a limit banks in ATM cash withdrawals amounting to Rp 7.5 million in one day, there is also the only Rp 5 million in one day. If you want to withdraw money in amounts larger than that, you have to come directly to the checkout counter at the bank.
Withdrawal of money at the checkout counter at a bank is usually not limited in number (as long as your balance is sufficient). It's just that, because cash-owned banks are usually "limited", then you usually have to tell you (usually the day before) if you want to attract huge amounts. This would allow banks to provide cash first.
Broad range of products CREDIT
So readers, but can keep the money in the bank, you can also BORROWING money in the bank. Because of that, it never hurts when you first meet with the loan products (credit) in the bank. Who knows one day you do need to borrow money from banks that this paper might be increasing your knowledge about it.
Borrow motifs in different communities. There are people who borrow for capital to open businesses. There are also people who borrowed to renovate the house, buy a new car, buy a computer and so forth. The difference is that the motives and make the bank and create a variety of loan products. Each product is made to meet different objectives. Basically, there are three kinds of credit products. Namely:
1. Business Credit
2. Consumption Credit
3. Multipurpose Loan
Business Credit is the credit used to finance the business or the business cycle which can lead to something productive, such as trade, domestic industry, business consulting services, and lainlain. If you have a business that prospects look pretty bright, you can come to the bank and apply for a loan can get money for your business.
Meanwhile, consumption credit is a loan used to buy something consumptive nature, such as buying a house or a private vehicle. Two credit consumption demand is usually enough House Ownership Credit (KPR) and the Vehicle Credit. Of course, because that money will be used by customers for consumptive purposes, the risk for the bank that customers can not pay their loans will be larger so that the general interest rate charged to customers for consumption credit would be greater than the mortgage interest for business purposes.
Besides the two types of this credit, there are Multipurpose Loan. As written in his name, Multipurpose Loan is a loan that can be used for any purpose can be used for consumption or for business. Well, one multi purpose credit products that are often marketed Loans. Collateral is another name of security. Lo, do not borrow money from banks usually have to wear a guarantee?
Yes. In general, if you want to get credit, you have to pledge one of your own property to the bank so if you are not able to repay the loan, the bank will confiscate your property is guaranteed. Surely the value of goods that security must be greater or at least be equal to the value of money you borrow. But on Loans products, you do not have to submit a guarantee to banks Goods. You are only required to have a certain amount of income each month and give some evidence to show that you are really earning the required amount.
Of course, the banks concerned, the risk of default of borrowers will be even greater because the bank has no guarantee of your goods and the bank will also not be used to monitor what their money is lent to you (on the numbers we will discuss the future special about one of the loans without collateral now being heavily marketed in the community).
How? Interested to try to borrow money from the bank? For consumption or for business, perhaps? Hoaaa, not yet. To be able to borrow money, of course, there are some requirements you must meet. In the next number we will discuss what conditions are required by the bank if you want to borrow money from them.
So much money he has, piles of money often seems piled so Uncle Scrooge is portrayed as a greedy person - often soaking in a pile of money.
Writing this course will not discuss about Uncle Scrooge and his money pile. But when we talk about the bank, can be said that much money may also be owned by the bank where you save money. Even so you do not have to worry about all the money in the bank piled in a warehouse like Uncle Scrooge's.
Most of the money in the bank is the customer money. If the bank keeps all the money that customers in one place, meaning the money is not productive. In fact, banks should also look for revenue in order to pay interest on savings and deposit that you saved them, right? That is why, the bank then "threw" the majority of the money back to the community in the form of loans (credit).
For example, if you save money USD 10 million in deposits, the bank promised to provide an interest rate of, for example, 13 percent per year. By banks, in fact the money USD 10 million will be "thrown" back into society by way of loan it to those in need (like people who want to start a business or want to purchase any item by credit). Borrowing requirement of return is accompanied by a greater rate than 13%, say 18 percent.
So roughly - the bank will earn Rp 1.8 million (18 per cent rate of USD 10 million), and of that number, amounting to Rp 1.3 million would be used to pay interest on your deposit, the amount of 13 percent. The difference of USD 500 thousand will be the bank profits. Of course, that advantage was to be reduced again with the operational costs of banks such as employee salaries and so forth.
Can you imagine how much money could be lent by the bank when there are thousands of people who save money in the bank? In fact, the bank certainly does not throw 100 percent of the money to its customers in the form of credit. This for every day another community member who took the money in bank deposits. Well, if 100 percent of the customer's money thrown in the form of credit, so if there are customers who want to withdraw money going difficulties. That is why, the bank must have a supply of cash to be always available money for customers who want to attract deposits money in the bank.
Inventories of cash by banks that will spread to all branches and also into ATM machines. Of course numbers are limited. That's why the money at an ATM withdrawals are often limited in number. There is a limit banks in ATM cash withdrawals amounting to Rp 7.5 million in one day, there is also the only Rp 5 million in one day. If you want to withdraw money in amounts larger than that, you have to come directly to the checkout counter at the bank.
Withdrawal of money at the checkout counter at a bank is usually not limited in number (as long as your balance is sufficient). It's just that, because cash-owned banks are usually "limited", then you usually have to tell you (usually the day before) if you want to attract huge amounts. This would allow banks to provide cash first.
Broad range of products CREDIT
So readers, but can keep the money in the bank, you can also BORROWING money in the bank. Because of that, it never hurts when you first meet with the loan products (credit) in the bank. Who knows one day you do need to borrow money from banks that this paper might be increasing your knowledge about it.
Borrow motifs in different communities. There are people who borrow for capital to open businesses. There are also people who borrowed to renovate the house, buy a new car, buy a computer and so forth. The difference is that the motives and make the bank and create a variety of loan products. Each product is made to meet different objectives. Basically, there are three kinds of credit products. Namely:
1. Business Credit
2. Consumption Credit
3. Multipurpose Loan
Business Credit is the credit used to finance the business or the business cycle which can lead to something productive, such as trade, domestic industry, business consulting services, and lainlain. If you have a business that prospects look pretty bright, you can come to the bank and apply for a loan can get money for your business.
Meanwhile, consumption credit is a loan used to buy something consumptive nature, such as buying a house or a private vehicle. Two credit consumption demand is usually enough House Ownership Credit (KPR) and the Vehicle Credit. Of course, because that money will be used by customers for consumptive purposes, the risk for the bank that customers can not pay their loans will be larger so that the general interest rate charged to customers for consumption credit would be greater than the mortgage interest for business purposes.
Besides the two types of this credit, there are Multipurpose Loan. As written in his name, Multipurpose Loan is a loan that can be used for any purpose can be used for consumption or for business. Well, one multi purpose credit products that are often marketed Loans. Collateral is another name of security. Lo, do not borrow money from banks usually have to wear a guarantee?
Yes. In general, if you want to get credit, you have to pledge one of your own property to the bank so if you are not able to repay the loan, the bank will confiscate your property is guaranteed. Surely the value of goods that security must be greater or at least be equal to the value of money you borrow. But on Loans products, you do not have to submit a guarantee to banks Goods. You are only required to have a certain amount of income each month and give some evidence to show that you are really earning the required amount.
Of course, the banks concerned, the risk of default of borrowers will be even greater because the bank has no guarantee of your goods and the bank will also not be used to monitor what their money is lent to you (on the numbers we will discuss the future special about one of the loans without collateral now being heavily marketed in the community).
How? Interested to try to borrow money from the bank? For consumption or for business, perhaps? Hoaaa, not yet. To be able to borrow money, of course, there are some requirements you must meet. In the next number we will discuss what conditions are required by the bank if you want to borrow money from them.
Business Network Marketing (Part 2)
On the last numbers we have seen that you do not have to do their own sale of your merchandise. Because, you can open a marketing network where there are people who do exactly as you do. Good again, if your marketing network big enough, you do not need to sell a lot. You just sell a little, but if each person in your network are also selling slightly, the total turnover in your marketing network has become very large. Here, in addition to retail profits, you also will earn a percentage distribution of sales turnover in your network. Interesting, huh?
In fact, if your marketing networks already meet certain earnings requirements, you may not need to keep running this business, because your marketing network that would later your revenue. So, you only worked briefly for a few years in building the network, and when the network was "so", the network that will be an asset and gives you a regular income (maybe even bigger) from year to year, forever, regardless of whether you are still active or not even alive or not.
In fact, your income can leave to your grandchildren one day. So here, your focus is to create a network, not just selling goods.
LEISURE TIME ON
In practice, to be able to run a network marketing business, you must be registered at a provider of goods and services as I have described above. Companies that will provide goods and services to you, for then you are selling to buyers and customers.
To join, you must be sponsored by someone who had already been joined in the business. He who will introduce you to the goods and services sold by the company, and also introduced to your business.
In turn, when you begin to build a network by sharing this business to your colleagues and sponsor them, then the whole line will be sponsorization recorded by the company. This is because when you and your colleagues to register, on the application form there are fields of the sponsor's name, where all this will be recorded by the company and entered into the data on his computer.
In this business, capital is generally not needed much. Ranging from several tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars alone. This course is different from conventional businesses who require a minimum capital of several million dollars. That was not necessarily successful. Because of the small capital needed in this business, automated almost no risk.
How about the place? In this business, you can run wherever you are, because to run this business you can simply only with paper and pen so you can do it practically anywhere. Plus, you do not need to leave your job or your business right now, because this business can you set the time according to the time you have.
The most interesting, business is good marketing network usually also gives you a way that has proved successful run earlier. So that anyone of you do not need to have the first specialized expertise in running this business, because your sponsor will act as consultants to teach these ways to you.
INCOME CAN ENLARGE
What about the acquisition of income? In business marketing network, someone can get the income potential there is no limit. This is because the network marketing business is a duplication business. So if your network meets certain qualifications, your income will decline instead, but continued to increase because of duplication in your network also increases.
For information only, income which can be obtained from this business is from tens of thousands to hundreds of millions of rupiah. Even up to billions of rupiah. In the United States alone, approximately 20 percent of millionaires in there making money from marketing network business.
Why someone can get such a huge income from this business? Because the income was generated from the sale of goods and services increased rapidly in number, while the cost of operating your business a low course. Providers of goods and services you do not need to spend money to rent the building, employees, advertising and where the stocks.
Thus, providers of goods and services you can provide money that should be used for the costs mentioned above, as your income.
NO NEED
SPECIAL SKILLS
Did you ever interested in one thing, and tell it to everyone in your neighborhood? When you watch a good movie, for example, and because you love it, you tell the movie to your colleagues so that they eventually also curious and wanted to see it.
Or you never ate at a delicious restaurant food? Because the food is very good there, so when you go home tell this to your family and then took them there to enjoy the food. I never did, and I think all those people never do. At least they never promote something that they praise or love. Can kind of food, some may brand perfume, brand shoes, electronic goods, up to a laundry service to the courses and schools.
Come to think of, the owner of the cinema watching a movie where you might not share his commission to you. Or the owners of the restaurant where you neither came with your peers, nor will distribute free food to you. But still you would not get paid. Here, you actually have to sell the activities of marketing a product or service.
This shows that each person actually has the ability to sell. Only, they often do not realize it. Now, rather than your ability does not produce anything, why do not you use it to produce something for you?
In fact, if your marketing networks already meet certain earnings requirements, you may not need to keep running this business, because your marketing network that would later your revenue. So, you only worked briefly for a few years in building the network, and when the network was "so", the network that will be an asset and gives you a regular income (maybe even bigger) from year to year, forever, regardless of whether you are still active or not even alive or not.
In fact, your income can leave to your grandchildren one day. So here, your focus is to create a network, not just selling goods.
LEISURE TIME ON
In practice, to be able to run a network marketing business, you must be registered at a provider of goods and services as I have described above. Companies that will provide goods and services to you, for then you are selling to buyers and customers.
To join, you must be sponsored by someone who had already been joined in the business. He who will introduce you to the goods and services sold by the company, and also introduced to your business.
In turn, when you begin to build a network by sharing this business to your colleagues and sponsor them, then the whole line will be sponsorization recorded by the company. This is because when you and your colleagues to register, on the application form there are fields of the sponsor's name, where all this will be recorded by the company and entered into the data on his computer.
In this business, capital is generally not needed much. Ranging from several tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars alone. This course is different from conventional businesses who require a minimum capital of several million dollars. That was not necessarily successful. Because of the small capital needed in this business, automated almost no risk.
How about the place? In this business, you can run wherever you are, because to run this business you can simply only with paper and pen so you can do it practically anywhere. Plus, you do not need to leave your job or your business right now, because this business can you set the time according to the time you have.
The most interesting, business is good marketing network usually also gives you a way that has proved successful run earlier. So that anyone of you do not need to have the first specialized expertise in running this business, because your sponsor will act as consultants to teach these ways to you.
INCOME CAN ENLARGE
What about the acquisition of income? In business marketing network, someone can get the income potential there is no limit. This is because the network marketing business is a duplication business. So if your network meets certain qualifications, your income will decline instead, but continued to increase because of duplication in your network also increases.
For information only, income which can be obtained from this business is from tens of thousands to hundreds of millions of rupiah. Even up to billions of rupiah. In the United States alone, approximately 20 percent of millionaires in there making money from marketing network business.
Why someone can get such a huge income from this business? Because the income was generated from the sale of goods and services increased rapidly in number, while the cost of operating your business a low course. Providers of goods and services you do not need to spend money to rent the building, employees, advertising and where the stocks.
Thus, providers of goods and services you can provide money that should be used for the costs mentioned above, as your income.
NO NEED
SPECIAL SKILLS
Did you ever interested in one thing, and tell it to everyone in your neighborhood? When you watch a good movie, for example, and because you love it, you tell the movie to your colleagues so that they eventually also curious and wanted to see it.
Or you never ate at a delicious restaurant food? Because the food is very good there, so when you go home tell this to your family and then took them there to enjoy the food. I never did, and I think all those people never do. At least they never promote something that they praise or love. Can kind of food, some may brand perfume, brand shoes, electronic goods, up to a laundry service to the courses and schools.
Come to think of, the owner of the cinema watching a movie where you might not share his commission to you. Or the owners of the restaurant where you neither came with your peers, nor will distribute free food to you. But still you would not get paid. Here, you actually have to sell the activities of marketing a product or service.
This shows that each person actually has the ability to sell. Only, they often do not realize it. Now, rather than your ability does not produce anything, why do not you use it to produce something for you?
Network Marketing Business (Part 1)
Do you interested in having a small capital business? It's small capital, the risk is also small. You can do this business no matter where you are, whenever you want, and the best part - there are consultants who will provide advice you need so you can succeed in business.
If all this you always have the desire to have your own business, maybe that's business as you need. Maybe you gasped. Was that kind of business? There dong. In fact, many people who have flocked to this business, that when the first side is generally done before the end - is a full-time.
Interested? Find out more.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SIMPLE
I will try to describe this business in a simple way. First of all, I want you to close your eyes and try to remember: ever in a time in your life, you sell something to your friend? You have a friend and tell you to sell your watch on him.
Well, maybe not have to watch. You may never sell a shirt, a pair, or pair of shoes. Remember, you do not have a building for displaying your goods, but there is only you, the goods you sell, and your buyers.
Ever? I think almost 90 percent of you have ever done. Okay, now what you get from these sales? Obviously you will benefit retail, where you bought the goods from a place somewhere with a certain price, and you sell more stuff to your friend with a higher price.
For example, you buy goods at a price of Rp 10,000, and sell more goods with the price of Rp 13.000. The difference between the selling price and buying price is your retail profit.
Now that's a good one. Now imagine if you do not just have one item for sale, but dozens, dozens, hundreds, even thousands of goods. Proverbial, you are like department stores, where what people need, you have it. Clearly, this means you will have not only benefit from a single retail goods, but of the many items you sell.
THERE MUST BE BUILDING?
If you want sales, we must have some sort of store, dong. So maybe you are thinking. It was not always so. Why, then how does one know that you are selling these goods? The answer is the introduction. If you are known by your friends from school one that you often sell the watch, so every time your friends will be looking at his watch, they'll come to you. That's because you've known as a watch salesman. So here, you do not need to have a building to display your stuff right? You need to known as the seller of the product.
However, let's say you have a building to display the goods you are selling, your sales will probably increase. However, as many commercial goods, fixed-blocked what the hell? Plus, the building may make you have to have a special time to keep your store.
Keep in mind also, you may need to buy stock in sufficient quantities so much for the goods are abundant. This means, you must exit substantial capital. So here, you are going to get the retail profits. But that advantage will you get if you sell. Well if you're sick how? Retail profit you may be stopped.
BUILDING NETWORK MARKETING
So, instead you rely on your own (which could be any time you get sick and are forced to stop selling), why not build a network of people who do exactly what you do?
So here, what you do is to open a network marketing (network marketing). Within these networks there are dozens, dozens, maybe even hundreds of thousands of people who make sales just as you do. Each of them will get the retail profits exactly what you get. So if you stop and cannot sell, either because of illness or because of whatever, your marketing network will continue to sell with or without you.
If seen, this business-like similar to a franchise business. Es Teler 77 for example. Es Teler 77 is the name of a food and drink stalls are well known businessman's called Sukyatno Nugroho Indonesia. I've never seen financial records, but a clear Es Teler 77 visited a lot of visitors, whether for just a drink of ice, ate meatballs, chicken noodles, dumplings or whatever it was.
Well, if Es Teler 77 has only one place (hereinafter we call the outlet), then if the outlets were busy, may be greater benefits obtained by the owner. But in the long-term consequences of these outlets should be kept open to continue to get visitors. Imagine what would happen if anything happens and these outlets cannot be forced to open?
Here, the owner of the Es Teler 77 to open branches. He can open the 1, 2, 10, even 100 branches. The problem, it is often open branch costs. More and more branches are opened, the greater the cost will be required. Es Teler 77 owner could have offered the rights to open 77 Es Teler it to others who have capital. For example, if you have a certain minimum amount of money, you can come to the office Es Teler 77, and bought the rights to open a branch Es Teler 77.
If you pass the test, then you will have the support of the division of secret recipe, the concept of service, the recommended interior design, and so on and so forth that have been proven successful in attracting visitors. So if you come to the Es Teler 77 outlets anywhere, the service was standard. Starting from her maid's uniform, to taste the food.
So what is gained by the original owner of the 77 Es Teler outlets you open? The answer is: you have to divide your sales results each year to the original owner Es Teler 77. This is called a royalty. More and more people are interested in having outlets Es Teler 77, the greater the royalties that go to the original owner.
And usually, the number of outlets can be opened more with the franchise system than if the owner of Es Teler it opened 77 branches at their own expense. This also happened to McDonald, where the average is now a branch of McDonald's is open every day all over the world, so from year to year, the royalties that go to McDonald's instead of the original owner, but even smaller bigger.
If all this you always have the desire to have your own business, maybe that's business as you need. Maybe you gasped. Was that kind of business? There dong. In fact, many people who have flocked to this business, that when the first side is generally done before the end - is a full-time.
Interested? Find out more.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SIMPLE
I will try to describe this business in a simple way. First of all, I want you to close your eyes and try to remember: ever in a time in your life, you sell something to your friend? You have a friend and tell you to sell your watch on him.
Well, maybe not have to watch. You may never sell a shirt, a pair, or pair of shoes. Remember, you do not have a building for displaying your goods, but there is only you, the goods you sell, and your buyers.
Ever? I think almost 90 percent of you have ever done. Okay, now what you get from these sales? Obviously you will benefit retail, where you bought the goods from a place somewhere with a certain price, and you sell more stuff to your friend with a higher price.
For example, you buy goods at a price of Rp 10,000, and sell more goods with the price of Rp 13.000. The difference between the selling price and buying price is your retail profit.
Now that's a good one. Now imagine if you do not just have one item for sale, but dozens, dozens, hundreds, even thousands of goods. Proverbial, you are like department stores, where what people need, you have it. Clearly, this means you will have not only benefit from a single retail goods, but of the many items you sell.
THERE MUST BE BUILDING?
If you want sales, we must have some sort of store, dong. So maybe you are thinking. It was not always so. Why, then how does one know that you are selling these goods? The answer is the introduction. If you are known by your friends from school one that you often sell the watch, so every time your friends will be looking at his watch, they'll come to you. That's because you've known as a watch salesman. So here, you do not need to have a building to display your stuff right? You need to known as the seller of the product.
However, let's say you have a building to display the goods you are selling, your sales will probably increase. However, as many commercial goods, fixed-blocked what the hell? Plus, the building may make you have to have a special time to keep your store.
Keep in mind also, you may need to buy stock in sufficient quantities so much for the goods are abundant. This means, you must exit substantial capital. So here, you are going to get the retail profits. But that advantage will you get if you sell. Well if you're sick how? Retail profit you may be stopped.
BUILDING NETWORK MARKETING
So, instead you rely on your own (which could be any time you get sick and are forced to stop selling), why not build a network of people who do exactly what you do?
So here, what you do is to open a network marketing (network marketing). Within these networks there are dozens, dozens, maybe even hundreds of thousands of people who make sales just as you do. Each of them will get the retail profits exactly what you get. So if you stop and cannot sell, either because of illness or because of whatever, your marketing network will continue to sell with or without you.
If seen, this business-like similar to a franchise business. Es Teler 77 for example. Es Teler 77 is the name of a food and drink stalls are well known businessman's called Sukyatno Nugroho Indonesia. I've never seen financial records, but a clear Es Teler 77 visited a lot of visitors, whether for just a drink of ice, ate meatballs, chicken noodles, dumplings or whatever it was.
Well, if Es Teler 77 has only one place (hereinafter we call the outlet), then if the outlets were busy, may be greater benefits obtained by the owner. But in the long-term consequences of these outlets should be kept open to continue to get visitors. Imagine what would happen if anything happens and these outlets cannot be forced to open?
Here, the owner of the Es Teler 77 to open branches. He can open the 1, 2, 10, even 100 branches. The problem, it is often open branch costs. More and more branches are opened, the greater the cost will be required. Es Teler 77 owner could have offered the rights to open 77 Es Teler it to others who have capital. For example, if you have a certain minimum amount of money, you can come to the office Es Teler 77, and bought the rights to open a branch Es Teler 77.
If you pass the test, then you will have the support of the division of secret recipe, the concept of service, the recommended interior design, and so on and so forth that have been proven successful in attracting visitors. So if you come to the Es Teler 77 outlets anywhere, the service was standard. Starting from her maid's uniform, to taste the food.
So what is gained by the original owner of the 77 Es Teler outlets you open? The answer is: you have to divide your sales results each year to the original owner Es Teler 77. This is called a royalty. More and more people are interested in having outlets Es Teler 77, the greater the royalties that go to the original owner.
And usually, the number of outlets can be opened more with the franchise system than if the owner of Es Teler it opened 77 branches at their own expense. This also happened to McDonald, where the average is now a branch of McDonald's is open every day all over the world, so from year to year, the royalties that go to McDonald's instead of the original owner, but even smaller bigger.
Tip Success In Business Online
Hail the Anti Poverty ... The Millionaire Candidates After doing internet business trip for 5 years, it was always stunned hearts with the spirit of the internet business newbies who never stopped trying to keep changing his luck in cyberspace. But unfortunately many of them finally said that internet business is a fraud masquerading as information technology systems and make them wary of doing business online, even in the website I manage many of those who feel disappointed. Actually wanted to convey the heart of all the knowledge I have yet found the level of education, perception, other resources that they have different and not able to translate any of what I described. I finally started to understand, after getting feedback, sharing, and other forms of communication with all its members in particular and the general internet business newbies ... it became obvious, that everyone needs something very SIMPEL, PRACTICAL, cheap, easy, and FAST in the running a business and a profit of course. Ways that may be better for business online It seems lately, tips for online promotion has changed and began to more refined than previous methods by those who actively joined in EliteTeamIndonesia mimic a common procedure used by spammers before the 2000s as it was written by Anne Ahira in his article "How NOT to Design an Email Campaign". Unfortunately though was more elegant than ever before, it still was not quite right still, and often still use the public forum not completely related to what eventually posted violate established ethics in each forum. I have thought about ways that may be better and elegant than using the methods currently done, create a campaign slowly, with smooth, by raising the reader's own desires without having invited or asked to talk about the examples, testimonials success of others often in the end the reader will be more likely to consider it a fake story, or hoaxes. 1. Product Categorization If the product is offered in the form of articles online psychological motivation or other products that are distributed online, before the start marketed certainly be better if these products are classified, or dissegmented according to target audience is reached first. This is due to the internet community is also classified users and very heterogeneous, there are old, young, there was a profession as a journalist, network administrators, programmers, information technology analysts, and others. Enrich existing product libraries and select the articles that match the target of the audience thus subject himself would feel that the article is useful for him. 2. Method spreaded-by-my-friends Do not use the public media such as newsgroups or mailing list, otherwise just use the method "spreaded-by-my-friends", I am not saying this is not spam, but in general things like this could be more acceptable to your target audience. I own until now still often receive emails from my colleagues who are actually forward mail from other colleagues. Indeed this method is not as fast as the ways that this be done, but more effective and have been through the automatic filtering of our colleagues themselves, at least they will not forward email that they are not useful to others, thus the probability of correspondence between matter the audience targets also can be larger. The potential of this method is as big to be dug, a friend is "The enemy of my enemy is my friend", the friend is "The friend of my friend is my friend". Net of these friendships can be very large, and powerful, myspace is one of the web model, I was surprised to find my friend's actually a lot after I put some of them in friendster. 3. Informal Relationship It is a very good thing if the actors are struggling in this online business provides an opportunity to get to know the audience for a closer, personal, and informal. This can be done in a way have their own blog that can be done in a way that is easy, inexpensive, even free. Through this medium, you are free to tell the audience informally and can provide feedback or comment on your own, you eventually will be easier to do "prospecting" the people who knew you. 4. Promote your Product and Not Just Asking Do not be stingy with the product you have, if you want to succeed as a marketer, then you also have to do promotion. Enrich owned collection and save these articles for free on your target audience. Things like this much more rewarding than spreading the story-testimonials of success testimonials of others who too quickly you will get negative feedback ** **, it is only natural, even if we alone mirror will easily take the story as a lie if we ever knot know what products, such as what, and whether it is useful. If you believe egret brand ketchup was good just to hear the A, Person B, the C while you never know ndak bango sauce taste like anything, suitable used for cooking as it wrote. From what I saw during this, the poor will EliteTeamIndonesia such information, which is owned site only contains testimonials, testimonials, and information about what the product is, what kind of example, missing, otherwise in a way that there are currently more like "force" people to go first to know. Weird thing for a business that he uses the Internet medium, but does not open and not use the web as a medium of public information to the fullest. 5. Avoid Propaganda bombastic Do not be impressed in bombastic grandiose things, contrary let you bombastic things that are positive, a grandiose impression easily get negative feedback. Examples of this grandiose impression it clearly is on EliteTeamIndonesia website. Would not it be better if the sentence had to be "successful trick to take advantage of free time at home effectively and productively with doing business online". Nothing seemed grandiose and false promises. 6. Use the Right Domain Name Many people say one key to success is correctly naming, if the intention is to do business online, then the domain name is very influential on the success of your business. Do not use domain names that seem grandiose, for example just AyoPensiunOnline.com, as well as any article, other people easily will immediately throw into the trash box. Why not just use the formal URL if necessary, the ways this is more like exactly conducted by spammers by using methods such as "http://be-rich-by.online-pokers.com". 7. Do not be rash to Rich Quick Do not be stingy with your time, you really have to use time effectively because time is money, but money will not come to you and you just wasted time if in a hurry to assume prospecting because time is money. Do not do prospecting is flat, but cleverly done, gradually, and friendly. Target your audience is not a computer, but someone behind it, and someone that people who are like you. Generate awareness of your audience to use the value of the product, and not to lure in thousands of dollars, abundant wealth, early retirement or something like that. If the audience understands the usefulness, the new warning would be better if you go to help others also to feel the benefits you feel, if they are interested in explaining add in new value can be obtained on these efforts. So the motive was not money, but helping others, and the money will come naturally to those who have been doing.
Tuesday, August 18, 2009
History of Japan
The written history of Japan begins with brief information of Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts, in the 1st century AD. However, there is evidence that suggest people were living on the islands of Japan since the upper paleolithic period.[1] Following the last ice-age, around 12,000 BC, the rich ecosystem of the Japanese Archipelago fostered human development. The earliest-known pottery belongs to the Jōmon period. The Japanese Paleolithic age covers a period starting from around 100,000 to 30,000 BC, when the earliest stone tool implements have been found, and ending around 12,000 BC, at the end of the last ice age, corresponding with the beginning of the Mesolithic Jōmon period. A start date of around 35,000 BC is most generally accepted.[2] The Japanese archipelago was disconnected from the continent after the last ice age, around 11,000 BC. After a hoax by an amateur researcher, Shinichi Fujimura, had been exposed[3], the Lower and Middle Paleolithic evidence reported by Fujimura and his associates has been rejected after thorough reinvestigation. Only some Upper Paleolithic evidence not associated with Fujimura can be considered well established
King of the Gypsies
The title King of the Gypsies has been claimed or given over the centuries to many different people. It is both culturally and geographically specific. It may be inherited, acquired by acclamation or action, or simply claimed. The extent of the power associated with the title varied; it might be limited to a small group in a specific place, or many people over large areas. In some cases the claim was clearly a public relations exercise. As the term Gypsy is also used in many different ways the King of the Gypsies may be someone with no connection with the Roma.
It has also been suggested that in places where they were persecuted by local authorities the "King of the Gypsies" is an individual, usually of low standing, who places himself in the risky position of an ad hoc liaison between the Roma and the gaje (non-Roma). The arrest of such a "King" limited the harm to the Roma. [1]
It has also been suggested that in places where they were persecuted by local authorities the "King of the Gypsies" is an individual, usually of low standing, who places himself in the risky position of an ad hoc liaison between the Roma and the gaje (non-Roma). The arrest of such a "King" limited the harm to the Roma. [1]
History of India
The known history of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization, which spread and flourished in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent, from c. 3300 to 1300 BCE. Its Mature Harappan period lasted from 2600-1900 BCE. This Bronze Age civilization collapsed at the beginning of the second millennium BCE and was followed by the Iron Age Vedic period, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plains and which witnessed the rise of major kingdoms known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha were born in the 6th century BCE, who propagated their Shramanic philosophies among the masses.
Later, successive empires and kingdoms ruled the region and enriched its culture - from the Achaemenid Persian empire[1] around 543 BCE, to Alexander the Great[2] in 326 BCE. The Indo-Greek Kingdom, founded by Demetrius of Bactria, included Gandhara and Punjab from 184 BCE; it reached its greatest extent under Menander, establishing the Greco-Buddhist period with advances in trade and culture.
The subcontinent was united under the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. It subsequently became fragmented, with various parts ruled by numerous Middle kingdoms for the next ten centuries. Its northern regions were united once again in the 4th century CE, and remained so for two centuries thereafter, under the Gupta Empire. This period, of Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known among its admirers as the "Golden Age of India." During the same time, and for several centuries afterwards, Southern India, under the rule of the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas and Pandyas, experienced its own golden age, during which Indian civilization, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia.
Kerala had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around AD 77. Muslim rule in the subcontinent began in 712 CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab,[3] setting the stage for several successive invasions between the 10th and 15th centuries CE from Central Asia, leading to the formation of Muslim empires in the Indian subcontinent such as the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. Mughal rule came to cover most of the northern parts of the subcontinent. Mughal rulers introduced middle-eastern art and architecture to India. In addition to the Mughals, several independent Hindu states, such as the Vijayanagara Empire, the Maratha Empire, the Ahom Kingdom and various Rajput kingdoms, flourished contemporaneously, in Western, Southern and North-Eastern India respectively. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early eighteenth century, which provided opportunities for the Afghans, Balochis and Sikhs to exercise control over large areas in the northwest of the subcontinent until the British East India Company[4] gained ascendancy over South Asia.
Beginning in the mid-18th century and over the next century, India was gradually annexed by the British East India Company. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the First War of Indian Independence, after which India was directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic decline.
During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress, and later joined by the Muslim League. The subcontinent gained independence from Great Britain in 1947, after being partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan.
Later, successive empires and kingdoms ruled the region and enriched its culture - from the Achaemenid Persian empire[1] around 543 BCE, to Alexander the Great[2] in 326 BCE. The Indo-Greek Kingdom, founded by Demetrius of Bactria, included Gandhara and Punjab from 184 BCE; it reached its greatest extent under Menander, establishing the Greco-Buddhist period with advances in trade and culture.
The subcontinent was united under the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. It subsequently became fragmented, with various parts ruled by numerous Middle kingdoms for the next ten centuries. Its northern regions were united once again in the 4th century CE, and remained so for two centuries thereafter, under the Gupta Empire. This period, of Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known among its admirers as the "Golden Age of India." During the same time, and for several centuries afterwards, Southern India, under the rule of the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas and Pandyas, experienced its own golden age, during which Indian civilization, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia.
Kerala had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around AD 77. Muslim rule in the subcontinent began in 712 CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab,[3] setting the stage for several successive invasions between the 10th and 15th centuries CE from Central Asia, leading to the formation of Muslim empires in the Indian subcontinent such as the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. Mughal rule came to cover most of the northern parts of the subcontinent. Mughal rulers introduced middle-eastern art and architecture to India. In addition to the Mughals, several independent Hindu states, such as the Vijayanagara Empire, the Maratha Empire, the Ahom Kingdom and various Rajput kingdoms, flourished contemporaneously, in Western, Southern and North-Eastern India respectively. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early eighteenth century, which provided opportunities for the Afghans, Balochis and Sikhs to exercise control over large areas in the northwest of the subcontinent until the British East India Company[4] gained ascendancy over South Asia.
Beginning in the mid-18th century and over the next century, India was gradually annexed by the British East India Company. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the First War of Indian Independence, after which India was directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic decline.
During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress, and later joined by the Muslim League. The subcontinent gained independence from Great Britain in 1947, after being partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan.
History of Russia
The history of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988,[1] beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.[2] Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated as a state, finally succumbing to Mongol invaders in the 1230s. During this time a number of regional magnates, in particular Novgorod and Pskov, fought to inherit the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'.
After the 13th century, Moscow gradually came to dominate the former cultural center.[2] By the 18th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow had become the huge Russian Empire, stretching from Poland eastward to the Pacific Ocean. Expansion in the western direction sharpened Russia's awareness of its separation from much of the rest of Europe and shattered the isolation in which the initial stages of expansion had occurred. Successive regimes of the 19th century responded to such pressures with a combination of halfhearted reform and repression. Russian serfdom was abolished in 1861, but its abolition was achieved on terms unfavorable to the peasants and served to increase revolutionary pressures. Between the abolition of serfdom and the beginning of World War I in 1914, the Stolypin reforms, the constitution of 1906 and State Duma introduced notable changes to the economy and politics of Russia,[3] but the tsars were still not willing to relinquish autocratic rule, or share their power.[4]
The Russian Revolution in 1917 was triggered by a combination of economic breakdown, war weariness, and discontent with the autocratic system of government, and it first brought a coalition of liberals and moderate socialists to power, but their failed policies led to seizure of power by the Communist Bolsheviks on October 25. Between 1922 and 1991, the history of Russia is essentially the history of the Soviet Union, effectively an ideologically based state which was roughly conterminous with the Russian Empire before the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The approach to the building of socialism, however, varied over different periods in Soviet history, from the mixed economy and diverse society and culture of the 1920s to the command economy and repressions of the Stalin era to the "era of stagnation" in the 1980s. From its first years, government in the Soviet Union was based on the one-party rule of the Communists, as the Bolsheviks called themselves, beginning in March 1918.[5] However, by the late 1980s, with the weaknesses of its economic and political structures becoming acute, the Communist leaders embarked on major reforms, which led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.[6]
The history of the Russian Federation is brief, dating back only to the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991. Since gaining its independence, Russia was recognized as the legal successor to the Soviet Union on the international stage.[7] However, Russia has lost its superpower status as it faced serious challenges in its efforts to forge a new post-Soviet political and economic system. Scrapping the socialist central planning and state ownership of property of the Soviet era, Russia attempted to build an economy with elements of market capitalism, with often painful results.[6] Even today Russia shares many continuities of political culture and social structure with its tsarist and Soviet past.
After the 13th century, Moscow gradually came to dominate the former cultural center.[2] By the 18th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow had become the huge Russian Empire, stretching from Poland eastward to the Pacific Ocean. Expansion in the western direction sharpened Russia's awareness of its separation from much of the rest of Europe and shattered the isolation in which the initial stages of expansion had occurred. Successive regimes of the 19th century responded to such pressures with a combination of halfhearted reform and repression. Russian serfdom was abolished in 1861, but its abolition was achieved on terms unfavorable to the peasants and served to increase revolutionary pressures. Between the abolition of serfdom and the beginning of World War I in 1914, the Stolypin reforms, the constitution of 1906 and State Duma introduced notable changes to the economy and politics of Russia,[3] but the tsars were still not willing to relinquish autocratic rule, or share their power.[4]
The Russian Revolution in 1917 was triggered by a combination of economic breakdown, war weariness, and discontent with the autocratic system of government, and it first brought a coalition of liberals and moderate socialists to power, but their failed policies led to seizure of power by the Communist Bolsheviks on October 25. Between 1922 and 1991, the history of Russia is essentially the history of the Soviet Union, effectively an ideologically based state which was roughly conterminous with the Russian Empire before the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The approach to the building of socialism, however, varied over different periods in Soviet history, from the mixed economy and diverse society and culture of the 1920s to the command economy and repressions of the Stalin era to the "era of stagnation" in the 1980s. From its first years, government in the Soviet Union was based on the one-party rule of the Communists, as the Bolsheviks called themselves, beginning in March 1918.[5] However, by the late 1980s, with the weaknesses of its economic and political structures becoming acute, the Communist leaders embarked on major reforms, which led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.[6]
The history of the Russian Federation is brief, dating back only to the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991. Since gaining its independence, Russia was recognized as the legal successor to the Soviet Union on the international stage.[7] However, Russia has lost its superpower status as it faced serious challenges in its efforts to forge a new post-Soviet political and economic system. Scrapping the socialist central planning and state ownership of property of the Soviet era, Russia attempted to build an economy with elements of market capitalism, with often painful results.[6] Even today Russia shares many continuities of political culture and social structure with its tsarist and Soviet past.
History of France
The history of France has been divided into a series of historical articles navigable through the list to the right. The chronological and governmental regimes in France. The history of other cultural topics such as French art and literature can be found on their own pages. For information on the modern country, see the France article. For other information, go to Portal:France.
History of Australia
The written history of Australia began when Portuguese[citation needed] explorers first sighted the landmass in the 16th century. The interpretation of the history of Australia is currently a matter of contention, particularly regarding the British settlement and the early treatment of Indigenous Australians. The consensus among scholars for the arrival of humans of Australia is placed at 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, but possibly as early as 70,000 years ago. The earliest human remains found to date are that of Mungo Man which have been dated at about 40,000 years old. At the time of first European contact, it has been estimated the absolute minimum pre-1788 population was 315,000, while recent archaeological finds suggest that a population of 750,000 could have been sustained [1] The population was split into 250 individual nations, many of which were in alliance with one another, and within each nation there existed several clans, from as few as five or six to as many as 30 or 40. Each nation had its own language and a few had multiple, thus over 250 languages existed, around 200 of which are now extinct.
The mode of life and material cultures varied greatly from nation to nation. The greatest population density was to be found in the southern and eastern regions of the continent, the River Murray valley in particular. Indigenous Australians lived and utilised resources on the continent sustainably, agreeing to cease hunting and gathering at particular times to give populations and resources the chance to replenish. Indigenous Australians were amongst the oldest, most sustainable and most isolated cultures on Earth prior to European settlement beginning in 1788.
The mode of life and material cultures varied greatly from nation to nation. The greatest population density was to be found in the southern and eastern regions of the continent, the River Murray valley in particular. Indigenous Australians lived and utilised resources on the continent sustainably, agreeing to cease hunting and gathering at particular times to give populations and resources the chance to replenish. Indigenous Australians were amongst the oldest, most sustainable and most isolated cultures on Earth prior to European settlement beginning in 1788.
For centuries, Makassar had traded with Indigenous Australians on Australia's north coast, particularly the Yolngu of north-east Arnhem Land.
An early map of the known world, made in 1603 by Father Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit who spent a long time in China, noted in a block space where Australia lies: No one has ever been to this land in the south, hence we know nothing about it. In smaller characters he brushed the Chinese characters Fire Land and Land of Parrots[2] suggesting the Chinese were aware of and had perhaps sighted Australia. The reference to parrots may mean that someone had in fact made a landing on the continent after all, or had heard about Australia via word of mouth. However, the reference to Fire Land may suggest the frequent volcanic activity of the Indonesian archipelago, and Land of Parrots may refer to the Parrot species throughout the islands to Australia's north.
An early map of the known world, made in 1603 by Father Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit who spent a long time in China, noted in a block space where Australia lies: No one has ever been to this land in the south, hence we know nothing about it. In smaller characters he brushed the Chinese characters Fire Land and Land of Parrots[2] suggesting the Chinese were aware of and had perhaps sighted Australia. The reference to parrots may mean that someone had in fact made a landing on the continent after all, or had heard about Australia via word of mouth. However, the reference to Fire Land may suggest the frequent volcanic activity of the Indonesian archipelago, and Land of Parrots may refer to the Parrot species throughout the islands to Australia's north.
History of Portugal
The history of Portugal, an European and Atlantic nation, dates back to the Early Middle Ages. In the 15th and 16th centuries, it ascended to the status of a world power during Europe's "Age of Discovery" as it built up a vast empire including possessions in South America, Africa, and Asia. In the next two centuries, Portugal gradually lost much of its wealth and status as the Dutch, English and French took an increasing share of the spice and slave trades (the economic basis of its empire), by surrounding or conquering the widely scattered Portuguese trading posts and territories, leaving it with ever fewer resources to defend its overseas interests.
Signs of military decline began with two disastrous battles: the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in Morocco in 1578 and Spain's abortive attempt to conquer England in 1588 (Portugal contributed ships to the Spanish invasion fleet). The country was further weakened by the destruction of much of its capital city in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars and the loss of its largest colony, Brazil, in 1822. From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, nearly two million Portuguese left Europe to live in Brazil and the United States.[1] In 1910, there was a revolution that deposed the monarchy; however, the subsequent republic was unable to solve the country's problems. Amid corruption, repression of the Church, and the near bankruptcy of the state, a military coup in 1926 installed a dictatorship that remained until another coup in 1974. The new government instituted sweeping democratic reforms and granted independence to all of Portugal's African colonies in 1975.
Portugal is a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). It entered the European Community (now the European Union) in 1986.
Signs of military decline began with two disastrous battles: the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in Morocco in 1578 and Spain's abortive attempt to conquer England in 1588 (Portugal contributed ships to the Spanish invasion fleet). The country was further weakened by the destruction of much of its capital city in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars and the loss of its largest colony, Brazil, in 1822. From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, nearly two million Portuguese left Europe to live in Brazil and the United States.[1] In 1910, there was a revolution that deposed the monarchy; however, the subsequent republic was unable to solve the country's problems. Amid corruption, repression of the Church, and the near bankruptcy of the state, a military coup in 1926 installed a dictatorship that remained until another coup in 1974. The new government instituted sweeping democratic reforms and granted independence to all of Portugal's African colonies in 1975.
Portugal is a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). It entered the European Community (now the European Union) in 1986.
History of China
Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River (Chinese: 黃河; pinyin: Huáng Hé) valley in the Neolithic era. The written history of China begins with the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1550BCE - ca. 1046 BCE).[1] Turtle shells with ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been carbon dated to as early as 1500 BCE.[2] The origins of Chinese culture, literature and philosophy, developed during the Zhou Dynasty (1045BCE to 256 BCE) that followed the Shang. It was the longest lasting dynasty and spans the period in which the written script evolved from ancient oracle script to the beginnings of modern Chinese writing.
The feudal Zhou Dynasty eventually broke apart into individual city states, creating the Warring States period. In 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huang united the various warring kingdoms and created the first Chinese empire. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to directly control the vast territories.
The conventional view of Chinese history is that of a dynasty alternating between periods of political unity and disunity and occasionally becoming dominated by foreign Asian peoples, most of whom were assimilated into the Han Chinese population. Cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of immigration, expansion, and assimilation, merged to create modern Chinese culture.
The feudal Zhou Dynasty eventually broke apart into individual city states, creating the Warring States period. In 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huang united the various warring kingdoms and created the first Chinese empire. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to directly control the vast territories.
The conventional view of Chinese history is that of a dynasty alternating between periods of political unity and disunity and occasionally becoming dominated by foreign Asian peoples, most of whom were assimilated into the Han Chinese population. Cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of immigration, expansion, and assimilation, merged to create modern Chinese culture.
History of England
The history of England began with the arrival of humans thousands of years ago. What is now England was inhabited by Neanderthals 230,000 years ago, while the first modern Homo sapiens arrived around 29,000 years ago. However, continuous human habitation dates to around 11,000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age. The region has numerous remains from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age, such as Stonehenge and Avebury. In the Iron Age, England, like all of Britain south of the Firth of Forth, was inhabited by the Celtic people known as the Britons. In 43 AD the Roman conquest of Britain began; the Romans maintained control of their province of Britannia through the 5th century.
The Roman departure opened the door for the Anglo-Saxon invasion, which is often regarded as the origin of England and the English people. The Anglo-Saxons, a collection of various Germanic peoples, established several kingdoms that became the primary powers in what is now England and parts of southern Scotland.[1] They introduced the Old English language, which displaced the previous British language. The Anglo-Saxons warred with British successor states in Wales, Cornwall, and the Hen Ogledd (Old North; the Brythonic-speaking parts of northern England and southern Scotland), as well as with each other. Raids by the Vikings were frequent after about AD 800, and the Norsemen took control of large parts of what is now England. During this period several rulers attempted to unite the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, an effort that led to the emergence of the Kingdom of England by the 10th century.
In 1066, the Normans invaded and conquered England. There was much civil war and battles with other nations throughout the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, England was ruled by the Tudors. England had conquered Wales in the 12th century and was then united with Scotland in the early 18th century to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Following the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain ruled a worldwide Empire, the largest in the world. Following a process of decolonization in the 20th century the vast majority of the empire became independent; however, its cultural impact is widespread and deep in many countries of the present day.
The Roman departure opened the door for the Anglo-Saxon invasion, which is often regarded as the origin of England and the English people. The Anglo-Saxons, a collection of various Germanic peoples, established several kingdoms that became the primary powers in what is now England and parts of southern Scotland.[1] They introduced the Old English language, which displaced the previous British language. The Anglo-Saxons warred with British successor states in Wales, Cornwall, and the Hen Ogledd (Old North; the Brythonic-speaking parts of northern England and southern Scotland), as well as with each other. Raids by the Vikings were frequent after about AD 800, and the Norsemen took control of large parts of what is now England. During this period several rulers attempted to unite the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, an effort that led to the emergence of the Kingdom of England by the 10th century.
In 1066, the Normans invaded and conquered England. There was much civil war and battles with other nations throughout the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, England was ruled by the Tudors. England had conquered Wales in the 12th century and was then united with Scotland in the early 18th century to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Following the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain ruled a worldwide Empire, the largest in the world. Following a process of decolonization in the 20th century the vast majority of the empire became independent; however, its cultural impact is widespread and deep in many countries of the present day.
History of Malaysia
Malaysia is a country in South East Asia whose strategic sea-lane position brought trade and foreign influences that fundamentally influenced its history. Hindu India, the Islamic Middle East and Christian Europe to its west, and China and Japan with one of successive phases of outside influence, followed by the mid-twentieth century establishment of independence from foreign colonial powers. Hindu and Buddhist cultures imported from India dominated early Malaysian history. They reached their peak in the Sumatran-based Srivijaya civilisation, whose influence extended through Sumatra, Java, the Malay Peninsula and much of Borneo from the 7th to the 14th centuries.
Although Muslims had passed through Malaysia as early as the tenth century, it was not until the 14th and 15th centuries that Islam first established itself on the Malayan Peninsular. The adoption of Islam by the fifteenth century saw the rise of number sultanates, the most prominent of which was the Melaka (Malacca). Islamic culture has had a profound influence on the Malay people, but has also been influenced by them. The Portuguese were the first European colonial powers to establish themselves in Malaysia, capturing Malacca in 1511, followed by the Dutch. However, it was the British, who after initially establishing bases at Jesselton, Kuching, Penang and Singapore, ultimately secured their hegemony across the territory that is now Malaysia. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies (which became Indonesia). A fourth phase of foreign influence was immigration of Chinese and Indian workers to meet the needs of the colonial economy created by the British in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.[1]
Japanese invasion during World War II ended British domination in Malaysia. The subsequent occupation from 1942 to 1945 unleashed nationalism in Malaya and Borneo. In the Peninsula, the Malayan Communist Party took up arms against the British. A tough military response was needed to end the insurgency and bring about the establishment of an independent, multi-racial Federation of Malaya in 1957. On 31 August 1963, the British territories in North Borneo and Singapore were granted independence and formed Malaysia with the Peninsular states on 16 September 1963. Approximately two years later, Singapore was expelled from the Federation. A confrontation with Indonesia occurred in the early-1960s. Race riots in 1969 led to the imposition of emergency rule, and a curtailment of political life and civil liberties which has never been fully reversed. Since 1970 the "National Front coalition" headed by United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) has governed Malaysia. Economic growth dramatically increased living standards by the 1990s. This growing prosperity helped minimise political discontent.[citation needed] Successive UMNO-dominated governments have promoted the use of the Malay language and carried out systematic positive discrimination and moderate apartheid in favour of Muslims, measures which cause great resentment.
Although Muslims had passed through Malaysia as early as the tenth century, it was not until the 14th and 15th centuries that Islam first established itself on the Malayan Peninsular. The adoption of Islam by the fifteenth century saw the rise of number sultanates, the most prominent of which was the Melaka (Malacca). Islamic culture has had a profound influence on the Malay people, but has also been influenced by them. The Portuguese were the first European colonial powers to establish themselves in Malaysia, capturing Malacca in 1511, followed by the Dutch. However, it was the British, who after initially establishing bases at Jesselton, Kuching, Penang and Singapore, ultimately secured their hegemony across the territory that is now Malaysia. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies (which became Indonesia). A fourth phase of foreign influence was immigration of Chinese and Indian workers to meet the needs of the colonial economy created by the British in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.[1]
Japanese invasion during World War II ended British domination in Malaysia. The subsequent occupation from 1942 to 1945 unleashed nationalism in Malaya and Borneo. In the Peninsula, the Malayan Communist Party took up arms against the British. A tough military response was needed to end the insurgency and bring about the establishment of an independent, multi-racial Federation of Malaya in 1957. On 31 August 1963, the British territories in North Borneo and Singapore were granted independence and formed Malaysia with the Peninsular states on 16 September 1963. Approximately two years later, Singapore was expelled from the Federation. A confrontation with Indonesia occurred in the early-1960s. Race riots in 1969 led to the imposition of emergency rule, and a curtailment of political life and civil liberties which has never been fully reversed. Since 1970 the "National Front coalition" headed by United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) has governed Malaysia. Economic growth dramatically increased living standards by the 1990s. This growing prosperity helped minimise political discontent.[citation needed] Successive UMNO-dominated governments have promoted the use of the Malay language and carried out systematic positive discrimination and moderate apartheid in favour of Muslims, measures which cause great resentment.
History of Indonesia
Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the equator in South East Asia. The country's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade; trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history. The area of Indonesia is populated by peoples of various migrations, creating a diversity of cultures, ethnicities, and languages. The archipelago's landforms and climate significantly influenced agriculture and trade, and the formation of states.
Fossilised remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", suggest the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, were originally from Taiwan and arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE. From the seventh century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished bringing Hindu and Buddhist influences with it. The agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties subsequently thrived and declined in inland Java. The last significant non-Muslim kingdom, the Hindu Majapahit kingdom, flourished from the late 13th century, and its influence stretched over much of Indonesia. The earliest evidence of Islamised populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra; other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam which became the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences.
Europeans arrived in Indonesia from the 16th century seeking to monopolise the sources of valuable nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalised colony. By the early 20th century Dutch dominance extended to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries. The Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation during WWII ended Dutch rule, and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, nationalist leader, Sukarno, declared independence and was appointed president. The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, but a bitter armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence.
An attempted coup in 1965 led to a violent army-led anti-communist purge in which over half a million people were killed. General Suharto politically out-manoeuvred President Sukarno, and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His New Order administration garnered the favour of the West whose investment in Indonesia was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. In the late 1990s, however, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the East Asian Financial Crisis which led to popular protests and Suharto's resignation on 21 May 1998. The Reformasi era following Suharto's resignation, has led to a strengthening of democratic processes, including a regional autonomy program, the secession of East Timor, and the first direct presidential election in 2004. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, natural disasters, and terrorism have slowed progress. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas.
Fossilised remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", suggest the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, were originally from Taiwan and arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE. From the seventh century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished bringing Hindu and Buddhist influences with it. The agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties subsequently thrived and declined in inland Java. The last significant non-Muslim kingdom, the Hindu Majapahit kingdom, flourished from the late 13th century, and its influence stretched over much of Indonesia. The earliest evidence of Islamised populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra; other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam which became the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences.
Europeans arrived in Indonesia from the 16th century seeking to monopolise the sources of valuable nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalised colony. By the early 20th century Dutch dominance extended to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries. The Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation during WWII ended Dutch rule, and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, nationalist leader, Sukarno, declared independence and was appointed president. The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, but a bitter armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence.
An attempted coup in 1965 led to a violent army-led anti-communist purge in which over half a million people were killed. General Suharto politically out-manoeuvred President Sukarno, and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His New Order administration garnered the favour of the West whose investment in Indonesia was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. In the late 1990s, however, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the East Asian Financial Crisis which led to popular protests and Suharto's resignation on 21 May 1998. The Reformasi era following Suharto's resignation, has led to a strengthening of democratic processes, including a regional autonomy program, the secession of East Timor, and the first direct presidential election in 2004. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, natural disasters, and terrorism have slowed progress. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)